Thanks for your responses. I am still slightly confused. I mean Latvia was occupied so of course I believe if you are born in an occupied country you would get that citizenship but once the country reverted then you would no longer be a citizen of that country and become a citizen of the country of birth. >from what I know, my family, although Jewish, have lived in Latvia hundreds of years. My grandfather never became a US citizen so before he died in 1978 would he have had a Russian Passport or Latvian? To find his birth certificate am I looking in the wrong place with the Latvian archives or should I be checking under Russian Archives?