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Julain calendar conversion
#general
Gary Kass <gman425@...>
Does anyone know how to convert >from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian
calendar? What I am specifically trying to find out is if March 15,1881 in Russia corresponds to February 27,1881 in the United States or vice versa. Any information is greatly appreciated. Thank you very much. Gary Kass MODERATOR NOTE: This subject has been discussed before in this forum. Search the JewishGen Discussion Group Archives at <http://data.jewishgen.org/wconnect/wc.dll?jg~jgsys~archpop> for julian gregorian to find several resources for converting between the two calendars. Additional information can be found using standard search engines and online encyclopedias. Because this subject has been thoroughly covered in the past, we will consider replies for posting only if they add significant new information.
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Seeking Robert LIPMAN/LIEPMANN, age 69
#general
Jim Bennett <bennett@...>
I'm seeking a cousin, Robert LIEPMANN, who was born in Berlin in 1937 to
Kurt LIEPMANN [born in Oschersleben/Magdeburg] and Dorothea nee ISRAELSKI, [born in Berlin]. The family sought refuge in France, but both parents perished in the Holocaust. I believe that Robert survived, perhaps in France. Today he would be 69 years old. His name could have been shortened to LIPMAN or changed entirely. Jim Bennett Haifa
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JewishGen Discussion Group #JewishGen Julain calendar conversion
#general
Gary Kass <gman425@...>
Does anyone know how to convert >from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian
calendar? What I am specifically trying to find out is if March 15,1881 in Russia corresponds to February 27,1881 in the United States or vice versa. Any information is greatly appreciated. Thank you very much. Gary Kass MODERATOR NOTE: This subject has been discussed before in this forum. Search the JewishGen Discussion Group Archives at <http://data.jewishgen.org/wconnect/wc.dll?jg~jgsys~archpop> for julian gregorian to find several resources for converting between the two calendars. Additional information can be found using standard search engines and online encyclopedias. Because this subject has been thoroughly covered in the past, we will consider replies for posting only if they add significant new information.
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JewishGen Discussion Group #JewishGen Seeking Robert LIPMAN/LIEPMANN, age 69
#general
Jim Bennett <bennett@...>
I'm seeking a cousin, Robert LIEPMANN, who was born in Berlin in 1937 to
Kurt LIEPMANN [born in Oschersleben/Magdeburg] and Dorothea nee ISRAELSKI, [born in Berlin]. The family sought refuge in France, but both parents perished in the Holocaust. I believe that Robert survived, perhaps in France. Today he would be 69 years old. His name could have been shortened to LIPMAN or changed entirely. Jim Bennett Haifa
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Photos of Various Polish Shuels Available
#general
Ira <irablock@...>
I was on the MOTL last year, and have available photos >from the
following Jewish Communities. Krakow Lancut (near Rzeszow) Lejansk Tykochin Ger Warsaw If anyone is interested in obtaining a copy of the photos in a digital format, please email me. Ira Block
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JewishGen Discussion Group #JewishGen Photos of Various Polish Shuels Available
#general
Ira <irablock@...>
I was on the MOTL last year, and have available photos >from the
following Jewish Communities. Krakow Lancut (near Rzeszow) Lejansk Tykochin Ger Warsaw If anyone is interested in obtaining a copy of the photos in a digital format, please email me. Ira Block
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SHAFRANSKY / SHAFRONSKY / SHAFF / ZAFRANSKY
#general
gro <gilrobison@...>
I am seeking information on Solomon Aaron SHAFF (perhaps SHAFRONSKY before
coming to the US) who was born 10 September, 1881, somewhere in Lithuania, part of the Russian Empire at the time, as were his parents, according to the 1910 US census. He immigrated to the US in 1895 (according to the 1920 census) or 1892 (according to the 1930 census). There is an oral family history that he emigrated in order to avoid being drafted into the Russian army. He lived most of his llife in Mississippi where he was a merchant. He married there, and had two daughters named Ada and Doris. Sol Shaff died in Scooba, Mississippi, in 1941. In the 1918 draft registraion, Sol Shaff listed his nearest relative as Samuel Shaff of Binghamton, New York. What their relationship was is not known to me at this time. The census records show that Samuel Shaff was born in 1860-1862, that he immigrated >from Russia to the US in 1885, 1888, or 1889, and that he was a jewelry merchant in Binghamton. Samuel Shaff was married to an Anna or Annie K Shaff, and she was the mother of a son, William Burton FEINBERG, (Samuel's stepson) who lived with them in the early 20th century in Binghamton. This is almost all I know of the Shaffs/Shafronskys so far. Any relevant information would be greatly appreciated. Best wishes, Gil Robison gilrobison@... konchogdorje@...
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JewishGen Discussion Group #JewishGen SHAFRANSKY / SHAFRONSKY / SHAFF / ZAFRANSKY
#general
gro <gilrobison@...>
I am seeking information on Solomon Aaron SHAFF (perhaps SHAFRONSKY before
coming to the US) who was born 10 September, 1881, somewhere in Lithuania, part of the Russian Empire at the time, as were his parents, according to the 1910 US census. He immigrated to the US in 1895 (according to the 1920 census) or 1892 (according to the 1930 census). There is an oral family history that he emigrated in order to avoid being drafted into the Russian army. He lived most of his llife in Mississippi where he was a merchant. He married there, and had two daughters named Ada and Doris. Sol Shaff died in Scooba, Mississippi, in 1941. In the 1918 draft registraion, Sol Shaff listed his nearest relative as Samuel Shaff of Binghamton, New York. What their relationship was is not known to me at this time. The census records show that Samuel Shaff was born in 1860-1862, that he immigrated >from Russia to the US in 1885, 1888, or 1889, and that he was a jewelry merchant in Binghamton. Samuel Shaff was married to an Anna or Annie K Shaff, and she was the mother of a son, William Burton FEINBERG, (Samuel's stepson) who lived with them in the early 20th century in Binghamton. This is almost all I know of the Shaffs/Shafronskys so far. Any relevant information would be greatly appreciated. Best wishes, Gil Robison gilrobison@... konchogdorje@...
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Re: Anyone know the town of Witkowo in NW Poland / NE Germany?
#general
Roger Lustig <julierog@...>
Saul:
toggle quoted messageShow quoted text
The German SIG might know more, as might the JRI-Poland mailing list. As co-ordinator for the Prussian part of JRI-Poland's jurisdiction (or catchment or footprint--whatever), I do know a little about Witkowo and its records. There don't seem to be many Jewish vital records >from Witkowo. The Polish State Archives do have some items: --school records, some immigration stuff, etc. at the Bydgoszcz (Bromberg) archive; --civil registration (Standesamt) books for 1874-1904 at the Poznan (Posen) archive. The civil registration books for 1874-84 are available on LDS microfilms. Witkowo was in Posen Province, and is therefore covered in Heppner and Herzberg's irreplaceable book on Posen Jewish communities, which can be downloaded >from http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/ (search on "Heppner"). The Witkowo chapter is short (about 2 pages), but reports that the Jewish population peaked at about 1150 in 1840 and had declined to one-tenth of that by early in the 20thC. Regarding surnames: the 1836 list of Jews who had taken Prussian citizenship in 1834-5 (about 20% of the total population, it seems) mentions one DOBRZYNSKI: a merchant named Joseph, who lived in Inowraclaw. SCHELINSKI doesn't appear, but then, the spelling could have been different in a dozen different ways, Polish spelling being what it is. There *are* Jewish vital records >from many other towns in Posen province. There's a downloadable spreadsheet at the JRI-Poland website (look under "LDS (Mormon) microfilms") that lists the filmed ones. Best, Roger Lustig Prussian Area Co-Ordinator, JRI-Poland Saul Marks wrote:
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JewishGen Discussion Group #JewishGen Re: Anyone know the town of Witkowo in NW Poland / NE Germany?
#general
Roger Lustig <julierog@...>
Saul:
toggle quoted messageShow quoted text
The German SIG might know more, as might the JRI-Poland mailing list. As co-ordinator for the Prussian part of JRI-Poland's jurisdiction (or catchment or footprint--whatever), I do know a little about Witkowo and its records. There don't seem to be many Jewish vital records >from Witkowo. The Polish State Archives do have some items: --school records, some immigration stuff, etc. at the Bydgoszcz (Bromberg) archive; --civil registration (Standesamt) books for 1874-1904 at the Poznan (Posen) archive. The civil registration books for 1874-84 are available on LDS microfilms. Witkowo was in Posen Province, and is therefore covered in Heppner and Herzberg's irreplaceable book on Posen Jewish communities, which can be downloaded >from http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/ (search on "Heppner"). The Witkowo chapter is short (about 2 pages), but reports that the Jewish population peaked at about 1150 in 1840 and had declined to one-tenth of that by early in the 20thC. Regarding surnames: the 1836 list of Jews who had taken Prussian citizenship in 1834-5 (about 20% of the total population, it seems) mentions one DOBRZYNSKI: a merchant named Joseph, who lived in Inowraclaw. SCHELINSKI doesn't appear, but then, the spelling could have been different in a dozen different ways, Polish spelling being what it is. There *are* Jewish vital records >from many other towns in Posen province. There's a downloadable spreadsheet at the JRI-Poland website (look under "LDS (Mormon) microfilms") that lists the filmed ones. Best, Roger Lustig Prussian Area Co-Ordinator, JRI-Poland Saul Marks wrote:
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Kawarsk, Kovno, Russia
#general
Jean Marck
When our great uncle filled out his WWI draft registration card he
listed Kawarsk, Kovno, Russia as his place of birth. What would be the modern day name of that city and what would the Lithuanian name been in that day? Thank You, Jean Marck
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JewishGen Discussion Group #JewishGen Kawarsk, Kovno, Russia
#general
Jean Marck
When our great uncle filled out his WWI draft registration card he
listed Kawarsk, Kovno, Russia as his place of birth. What would be the modern day name of that city and what would the Lithuanian name been in that day? Thank You, Jean Marck
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looking for Dvora GLASER
#general
arie meir
Hi to all of you
I am looking for,Dvora GLASER the daughter of my grandfather Chaim Glaser, from his second wife Rachla whose maiden name was STOLZBERG.Dvora was born in 1927 in Przemysl, and the last time my family heard of her and her father was in 1939. You can see her in <http://data.jewishgen.org/viewmate/ALL/viewmateview.asp?key=9356>. If anyone of you saw her a or know what happened to her please let me know. Arieh Mayer Haifa Israel
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JewishGen Discussion Group #JewishGen looking for Dvora GLASER
#general
arie meir
Hi to all of you
I am looking for,Dvora GLASER the daughter of my grandfather Chaim Glaser, from his second wife Rachla whose maiden name was STOLZBERG.Dvora was born in 1927 in Przemysl, and the last time my family heard of her and her father was in 1939. You can see her in <http://data.jewishgen.org/viewmate/ALL/viewmateview.asp?key=9356>. If anyone of you saw her a or know what happened to her please let me know. Arieh Mayer Haifa Israel
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search for passenger manifest-correction
#general
Ruth Hyman <ruth.hyman@...>
[This is a corrected verion of a post >from last Thursday. The
date 1889 has been corrected to 1899 --Mod.] Dear cousins, I have been looking for the passage of my great grandfather, Moshe Chaim Rubinstein, for years now with no success. He was born about 1851 in Ivenets (spelled Iwenitz by the Germans), now Belarus and must have come to the U.S. between 1899 and 1906, as he left a wife pregnant with a child who was born Jan. 1900 and this child and the other of the two left behind joined him here in 1906. He was probably preceded in the U.S. by a son Ike, who came about 1902 and spent most of his years in Manhattan (Lower East Side-East 1st Ave. and E. 13th st.). I know he lived off and on with this son and his family. He was also preceded by two brothers (found them in Hamburg records and they must be the right people), Benjamin in June 1890 and Pesach in July 1892. I did find a missing passage for part of the family as Kubinstein and I see that some others are in the Hamburg lists as Rabinstein! Any ideas and/or help would be most appreciated. Thanks, Ruth Hyman Rockville Centre, NY
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JewishGen Discussion Group #JewishGen search for passenger manifest-correction
#general
Ruth Hyman <ruth.hyman@...>
[This is a corrected verion of a post >from last Thursday. The
date 1889 has been corrected to 1899 --Mod.] Dear cousins, I have been looking for the passage of my great grandfather, Moshe Chaim Rubinstein, for years now with no success. He was born about 1851 in Ivenets (spelled Iwenitz by the Germans), now Belarus and must have come to the U.S. between 1899 and 1906, as he left a wife pregnant with a child who was born Jan. 1900 and this child and the other of the two left behind joined him here in 1906. He was probably preceded in the U.S. by a son Ike, who came about 1902 and spent most of his years in Manhattan (Lower East Side-East 1st Ave. and E. 13th st.). I know he lived off and on with this son and his family. He was also preceded by two brothers (found them in Hamburg records and they must be the right people), Benjamin in June 1890 and Pesach in July 1892. I did find a missing passage for part of the family as Kubinstein and I see that some others are in the Hamburg lists as Rabinstein! Any ideas and/or help would be most appreciated. Thanks, Ruth Hyman Rockville Centre, NY
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JGS of Greater Philadelphia - February Meeting
#general
Lois Sernoff
JGS of Greater Philadelphia - February Meeting
Date: Sunday, February 11, 2007 Time: 1:30 PM **Note that we're meeting on Sunday afternoon, instead of our usual meeting time.** Place: Reform Congregation Keneseth Israel 8339 Old York Road intersection of Old York Road (Route 611) at Township Line (Route 73) Elkins Park, PA 19027 Topic: Genealogy in the Round Share your successes and "brick walls" with other society members. This is an opportunity to learn >from each other and get insights into problem areas. We would also like to develop an internal database which would indicate the areas of research, surnames, and shtetlach for which our members have a particular interest. *** Q and A Sessions: There will be a 30 minute Question and Answer session preceding all general meetings. *** For all who are researching Philadelphia roots and need information on local resources; cemeteries, funeral directors, repositories (and much more) please visit the JGSGP website: http://www.jewishgen.org/jgsp *** Interested friends are always welcome! There is a $2.00 admission charge for non-members. Refreshments will be served following the meeting *** Delaware County Main Line Affiliate Meeting: Time: Tuesday, April 17, 7:30 PM Place: Martins Run Life Care Community 11 Martins Run Media, PA Speaker: Three of our affiliate regulars will speak: Cindy & Jim Meyer, Elaine Burbano Topic: "Finding Cousins: An Unbelievable Coincidence" There will be a 30 minute question & answer period prior to the meeting. For more information contact Shelda Sandler at: stanshel@... *** Lois Sernoff [JGS GreaterPhiladelphia] JGLois@...
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JewishGen Discussion Group #JewishGen JGS of Greater Philadelphia - February Meeting
#general
Lois Sernoff
JGS of Greater Philadelphia - February Meeting
Date: Sunday, February 11, 2007 Time: 1:30 PM **Note that we're meeting on Sunday afternoon, instead of our usual meeting time.** Place: Reform Congregation Keneseth Israel 8339 Old York Road intersection of Old York Road (Route 611) at Township Line (Route 73) Elkins Park, PA 19027 Topic: Genealogy in the Round Share your successes and "brick walls" with other society members. This is an opportunity to learn >from each other and get insights into problem areas. We would also like to develop an internal database which would indicate the areas of research, surnames, and shtetlach for which our members have a particular interest. *** Q and A Sessions: There will be a 30 minute Question and Answer session preceding all general meetings. *** For all who are researching Philadelphia roots and need information on local resources; cemeteries, funeral directors, repositories (and much more) please visit the JGSGP website: http://www.jewishgen.org/jgsp *** Interested friends are always welcome! There is a $2.00 admission charge for non-members. Refreshments will be served following the meeting *** Delaware County Main Line Affiliate Meeting: Time: Tuesday, April 17, 7:30 PM Place: Martins Run Life Care Community 11 Martins Run Media, PA Speaker: Three of our affiliate regulars will speak: Cindy & Jim Meyer, Elaine Burbano Topic: "Finding Cousins: An Unbelievable Coincidence" There will be a 30 minute question & answer period prior to the meeting. For more information contact Shelda Sandler at: stanshel@... *** Lois Sernoff [JGS GreaterPhiladelphia] JGLois@...
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Re: Household inventory from 1738 in Esterhazy lands
#hungary
Omri Arnon <omri@...>
Dear Carole and group,
toggle quoted messageShow quoted text
I was off line for a bit so I hope I am not repeating something which = was already published. A dear friend of mine identified the pages you sent me. They are >from = the Hungarian-Jewish Cartulary (Magyar-Zsido Oklevetar) and were = published in the second part of the 5th volume. As you may know this is a series = which consists of 18 volumes published >from 1903 to 1980. The second part of = the 5th volume was edited and published as a supplementary volume by = F=FCl=F6p Gr=FCnvald and S=E1ndor Schreiber in Budapest in 1960 (possibly 1959). = The pages you sent may have different page numbers in certain editions but the = texts are same! The footnotes refer to archival material kept that time in the National Archives in Budapest. (The abbreviation OL means Orsz=E1gos = Lev=E9lt=E1r =3D National Archives). The material is a part of the Esterh=E1zys=92 = family archives. It is very likely that the archives still have the original documents. Omri Arnon Israel
-----Original Message-----
From: Carole G. Vogel [mailto:carolevogel@...] Sent: Thursday, January 18, 2007 5:41 AM To: H-SIG Cc: h-sig@... Subject: [h-sig] Household inventory >from 1738 in Esterhazy lands I came across a household inventory which may be of great value to = people researching Jewish ancestors who lived in Esterhazy lands. I have used = it in my research of the Jewish community of Mattersdorf, Hungary (now Mattersburg, Austria) and it has been phenomenal. Unfortunately I = don=92t know the name of it. Let me explain. About 15 or 20 years ago I was standing in the local = copy center in Lexington, Massachusetts, when I noticed that the man beside = me was copying a map of Hungary >from 1825. So we got into a conversation = and it turned out that he too was researching Mattersdorf. (What are the odds = of that?) He then offered to make me a copy of the map and a copy of a household inventory that he had photocopied >from a book, but he didn=92t think = would be much use to me because the material was >from Dec 30, 1738. He told me = that the likelihood of me identifying any family members was virtually nil because almost no last names were used. (He was wrong!) The inventory was a listing of all the men in the Jewish community of Mattersdorf, written in German. (1) It identifies nearly every man by first name and patronymic. (A few = men have last names and no patronymic.) (2) It lists each of the householders and tells how much of a house he = owns (whole house. =BD house, etc.) and how much taxes he pays (3) Tells when the house came into the homeowner=92s possession either = by inheritance or purchase and often gives the year; if it is an = inheritance the name of the person and relationship >from whom it is inherited (i.e. father or father-in-law) is usually specified, and if the householder = bought the house the name of the seller is sometimes identified. (4) Tells if the person was born in Mattersdorf and if the birthplace = was not Mattersdorf, it gives the place where they came >from and year they entered Mattersdorf; sometimes it is just Bohemia or Moravia, other = times it is a specific town (5) If a man is married and living in the house of another man it = usually gives the year he married and so it is logical to assume that it is a son-in-law and father-in-law relationship. This book was typeset but poorly done, so I think it was published pre = World War II, if not pre-World War I. There is a footnote that likely gives a = clue to where the original material came from: OL. Esterh=E1zy csal. bpesti hitbizom. It=E1ra: Rep 83, Fasc. B, n. 64 D.M. The section on Mattersdorf spanned pages 143-148; it appeared to be = preceded by a section on Eisenstadt and definitely was followed by a section on Kabold (Kobersdorf). My guess is that the book includes all Jewish communities in Esterh=E1zy lands. I wonder if the book contains household inventories of Jewish = communities for other years besides 1738. The man who gave me the excerpt died perhaps as many as 10 years ago. I = did not discover the value of the gift that he had given me until a couple = of years ago, too late to ask him where he got the excerpt from. The information >from the household inventory, combined with the Black Book = and the Jewish censuses of 1725, 1735, and 1753 >from Mattersdorf, provides a good picture of the male Jewish inhabitants of Mattersdorf in the early = to mid 1700s. Has anyone ever heard of this Jewish household inventory book? I am posting this letter to both the Hungarian and Austria-Czech SIGs. Carole Garbuny Vogel Lexington, Massachusetts, USA Moderator: Please do not send messages with accented text. Your loyal moderator has attempted to make this message legible but this time-consuming task exceeds our obligations. If you have important information to convey,PLEASE remove all accented text and revise not Anglo fonts as necessary. Very crude but that's what's necessary given our illiterate server.
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Hungary SIG #Hungary RE: Household inventory from 1738 in Esterhazy lands
#hungary
Omri Arnon <omri@...>
Dear Carole and group,
toggle quoted messageShow quoted text
I was off line for a bit so I hope I am not repeating something which = was already published. A dear friend of mine identified the pages you sent me. They are >from = the Hungarian-Jewish Cartulary (Magyar-Zsido Oklevetar) and were = published in the second part of the 5th volume. As you may know this is a series = which consists of 18 volumes published >from 1903 to 1980. The second part of = the 5th volume was edited and published as a supplementary volume by = F=FCl=F6p Gr=FCnvald and S=E1ndor Schreiber in Budapest in 1960 (possibly 1959). = The pages you sent may have different page numbers in certain editions but the = texts are same! The footnotes refer to archival material kept that time in the National Archives in Budapest. (The abbreviation OL means Orsz=E1gos = Lev=E9lt=E1r =3D National Archives). The material is a part of the Esterh=E1zys=92 = family archives. It is very likely that the archives still have the original documents. Omri Arnon Israel
-----Original Message-----
From: Carole G. Vogel [mailto:carolevogel@...] Sent: Thursday, January 18, 2007 5:41 AM To: H-SIG Cc: h-sig@... Subject: [h-sig] Household inventory >from 1738 in Esterhazy lands I came across a household inventory which may be of great value to = people researching Jewish ancestors who lived in Esterhazy lands. I have used = it in my research of the Jewish community of Mattersdorf, Hungary (now Mattersburg, Austria) and it has been phenomenal. Unfortunately I = don=92t know the name of it. Let me explain. About 15 or 20 years ago I was standing in the local = copy center in Lexington, Massachusetts, when I noticed that the man beside = me was copying a map of Hungary >from 1825. So we got into a conversation = and it turned out that he too was researching Mattersdorf. (What are the odds = of that?) He then offered to make me a copy of the map and a copy of a household inventory that he had photocopied >from a book, but he didn=92t think = would be much use to me because the material was >from Dec 30, 1738. He told me = that the likelihood of me identifying any family members was virtually nil because almost no last names were used. (He was wrong!) The inventory was a listing of all the men in the Jewish community of Mattersdorf, written in German. (1) It identifies nearly every man by first name and patronymic. (A few = men have last names and no patronymic.) (2) It lists each of the householders and tells how much of a house he = owns (whole house. =BD house, etc.) and how much taxes he pays (3) Tells when the house came into the homeowner=92s possession either = by inheritance or purchase and often gives the year; if it is an = inheritance the name of the person and relationship >from whom it is inherited (i.e. father or father-in-law) is usually specified, and if the householder = bought the house the name of the seller is sometimes identified. (4) Tells if the person was born in Mattersdorf and if the birthplace = was not Mattersdorf, it gives the place where they came >from and year they entered Mattersdorf; sometimes it is just Bohemia or Moravia, other = times it is a specific town (5) If a man is married and living in the house of another man it = usually gives the year he married and so it is logical to assume that it is a son-in-law and father-in-law relationship. This book was typeset but poorly done, so I think it was published pre = World War II, if not pre-World War I. There is a footnote that likely gives a = clue to where the original material came from: OL. Esterh=E1zy csal. bpesti hitbizom. It=E1ra: Rep 83, Fasc. B, n. 64 D.M. The section on Mattersdorf spanned pages 143-148; it appeared to be = preceded by a section on Eisenstadt and definitely was followed by a section on Kabold (Kobersdorf). My guess is that the book includes all Jewish communities in Esterh=E1zy lands. I wonder if the book contains household inventories of Jewish = communities for other years besides 1738. The man who gave me the excerpt died perhaps as many as 10 years ago. I = did not discover the value of the gift that he had given me until a couple = of years ago, too late to ask him where he got the excerpt from. The information >from the household inventory, combined with the Black Book = and the Jewish censuses of 1725, 1735, and 1753 >from Mattersdorf, provides a good picture of the male Jewish inhabitants of Mattersdorf in the early = to mid 1700s. Has anyone ever heard of this Jewish household inventory book? I am posting this letter to both the Hungarian and Austria-Czech SIGs. Carole Garbuny Vogel Lexington, Massachusetts, USA Moderator: Please do not send messages with accented text. Your loyal moderator has attempted to make this message legible but this time-consuming task exceeds our obligations. If you have important information to convey,PLEASE remove all accented text and revise not Anglo fonts as necessary. Very crude but that's what's necessary given our illiterate server.
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